د.داليا الغوري
عضو فعال
الابراج : 
عدد المساهمات : 92
تاريخ الميلاد : 23/12/1978
العمر : 45
نقاط : 59
تاريخ التسجيل : 12/07/2008
 |  موضوع: Psychological Disorders  الثلاثاء أبريل 13, 2010 11:42 am | |
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Psychological Disorders
[b]n Psychological behaviors :run a continuum from very mild to extreme. Everyone has these behaviors to one degree or another. It is not until a behavior or
feeling interferes with your quality of life that they become a disorder.
Psychological Order
[b]n Self-acceptance:
understanding yourself and accepting the good and bad parts of yourself.
n Positive
relationships with others: ability to form good trusting interpersonal
relationships.
n Autonomy:
self-controlled and able to resist peer pressure.
Psychological
Order
n Environmental
masters: internal locus of control; master of your domain.
n Purpose
in life: goals and sense of direction; not diffused.
n Personal
Growth: see yourself growing and expanding; self knowledge; self actualization.
Psychological
Disorders are:
n Atypical,
disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable behavior.
n
Psychological
Disorders: Causes
n Are
not usually caused by a single factor. The medical model is probably not
correct where you can take a pill to rid yourself of a disorder.
n The
bio-psycho-social school most disorders are caused by a biological
predisposition, physiological state, psychological dynamics, and social
circumstances.
Defining
Disorders
n DSM
IV-Diagnostic and statistical manual vol. 4.: attempts to describe psychological
disorders, without explaining the causes, predicts the future course, and
suggests treatments.
n Categorizes
230 disorders, in 17 categories.
Dangers
of labeling
n Labeling
someone with a disorder can create self-fulfilling prophesies, where the label
creates the behavior. Also, if a
professional hears a persons “has” a disorder, they may look back at that
person’s history and see things that “caused” those behaviors, which might not
be accurate.
Anxiety
Disorders
n General
anxiety disorder: Persistent symptoms of an excited sympathetic, nervous
system: sweating, heart racing, dizziness, shaky accompanied by persistent
negative feelings and fear…not triggered by specific events.
Anxiety
Disorders
n Panic
disorder: unpredictable, minutes long intense anxiety attack, as if you're
going to be killed any second, but no specific, real threat is apparent.
n Phobias: persistent, irrational fear of a specific
object of situation. Very common. Spiders, snakes, heights, water, enclosed
spaces are all very common phobias.
Anxiety
Disorders
n Obsessive-Compulsive
disorder:
n Obsessions:
intrusive thoughts or fears.
n Compulsions:
repetitive behaviors that sooth the fears
Different
perspectives would ascribe different causes:
n Psychoanalytic:
repressed feelings during childhood symbolized by trigger.
n Behavioral: learned fear, which has been reinforced, or
social learning, imitating others who has fear like parents. May be generalized from other learned
experiences: one dog to all dogs.
n Biological:
predisposed genetically to be afraid of things that can cause death: snakes,
spiders, height, enclosed places, disease.
Post
Traumatic Stress disorder
n Caused
by prolonged or intensely stressful situations, like war or rape. Symptoms: difficulty sleeping, nightmares;
anxiety attacks or GAD; intrusive memories; Guilt associated with event;
n Some
psychologists dismiss this disorder pointing to those who do not get it after
experiencing similar trauma. That
probably has more to do with biological predisposition than to lack of evidence
that PTSD existence.
Mood
Disorders
n Major,
clinical depression; dysthimic depression; bipolar disorder. Mood disorders are the most common
psychological disorders: called the common cold of disorders. Depression among the young is on the rise:
more diagnosis or more cases?
Major
depressive disorder
n Major
depressive disorder: two or more weeks of depressed mood, intense feelings of
worthlessness and hopelessness; and diminished interest in things that were
once considered pleasurable. People feel
like they are in a deep black hole with no way to get out. The hopeless feeling often prevents them from
seeing any reason to try to get out. Very dangerous illness.
Symptoms
n Symptoms
include: discouraging feelings about the future; life dissatisfaction;
isolation from others; difficulty sleeping or sleeping a lot; inability to
concentrate; lethargy; feelings of worthlessness; loss of interest in friends
or family activities.
Dysthmic
depression
n Dysthmic
depression: down in the dumps mood that lasts from months to years; the
feelings aren't as intense, but they last longer. Difficult to detect because of the lack of
intensity but takes a large toll on body and psychology systems.
Treatments
for depression
n Cognitive
therapy is effective, with antidepressants: trying to change internal
sentences. Because depressed people see the world through dark glasses, their
thoughts intensify the feelings leading to a downward spiral.
n Medical:
now treated with classes of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. SSRIs. They keep
serotonin in the synapse longer, elevating mood.
Treatment
for Dythmic depression
n College
students with dysthmic or moderate depression responded far better to aerobics
than other treatments.
Bipolar
disorder (manic-depression):
n Bipolar
disorder (manic-depression): alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and over-excited manic state.
Bipolar
disorder (manic-depression):
n Manic
state: typically over-talkative; overactive; little or no sleep; highly
impulsive, loud, flighty, hard to interrupt sexually less-inhibited. Grandiose optimism and self-esteem. May be very irritable.
n People
then fall back to either a normal state, or into a major depressed state
Treatment
for Bipolar
n Treatment:
In manic state: high levels of neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
n Treatment:
usually with lithium for the manic state and antidepressants for the
depression.
n Treatment
is very effective if patients continue using medication.
Depression
Facts
n Facts:
Major Depression usually lasts less than three months; may or may not return;
often triggered by stressful events, although not necessarily caused by it
(biological predisposition);
n Dysthimic
depression lasts two years or longer.
n Women
are twice as likely to have it than men;
n Depression
is a whole body disorder with biochemical and psychological roots, therefore
generally requires both therapy and antidepressant treatment.
Depression
facts.
n Those
who depressed often become socially isolated as they withdraw from friends and
friends withdraw from them as their “old self” changes. The depressed person is likely to blame
themselves with negative “self speak” which exacerbates
Schizophrenia
n A
group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by disorganized thought and
delusional thinking disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and
actions. Onset often occurs in late
adolescence's.
n Delusion-irrational,
unjustifiable, usually paranoid, belief of persecution by an unseen entity.
n Hallucinations:
the perception of non-existent, external stimuli, usually auditory.
Types:
n Paranoid: preoccupations with delusions and
hallucinations.
n Catatonic: immobility or excessive
purposeless movements.
n Disorganized: disorganized speech or
behavior, inappropriate emotions. Word Salads: scrambled or nonsensical speech.
n Undifferentiated; symptoms,
but doesn't fit above models.
Types
continued
n Chronic:
slowly develops over time, prognosis bad.
n Acute:
reaction to life stresses, quick onset, good prognosis.
n Schizophrenia
thinking may be seen as an uncontrolled rapid change of selective attention,
where the mind rapidly shifts from one thought to another.
Causes
n Psychology:
triggering experiences, genes predispose but some react to traumatic triggers
by developing schizophrenia. They vary.
n Biochemical:
6 times the normal amount of dopamine receptors that increase brain activity to
manic levels. Thus dopamine blockers reduce symptoms.
Causes
n It
is also thought to perhaps be triggered or caused by the introduction of a
prenatal virus that affects brain development, possibly in the thalamus. People conceived in Winter months are more
apt to develop schizophrenia in Northern hemisphere, while the reverse is true
in the Southern.
Rule
of Thirds
n About
1/3 of people who develop schizophrenia only have one episode, 1/3 have reoccurring
episodes, and 1/3 are chronic with unremitting symptoms.
Causes
n Amphetamines
and cocaine sometimes intensify symptoms. Dopamine is also associated with
physical movement, disruption of is associated with schizophrenia.
n Brain
anatomy: they have abnormal brain tissue, low frontal lobe activity.
n Thalamus
react smaller than normal and is reactive that may cause brain over
stimulization.
n People
exposed to certain flu viruses during prenatal development have higher
incidences.
Genetic
factors
n Definite
genetic link: the closer you are genetically to someone with Schizophrenia, the
more likely you are to get it.
n 1
in 100 people get it.
n 1
in 10 of siblings
n 1
in 2 identical twins, even if raised apart
Dissociate
Disorders
n Dissociation
is the feeling that you are outside of yourself, looking at yourself. That you’re mind is separate from body.
Person have separated parts of their personality or memory for consciousness.
Dissociative
Identity disorder: Multiple Personality Disorder
n This
is a disorder wherein your mind partitions itself into two or more distinct
personalities that may or may not know about each other. One “personality” emerges to handle stressful
situations that the whole psyche or other parts cannot handle.
n Caused
by traumatic event or events where the mind represses parts of itself that
can’t handle the pain. Repressed from a
psychoanalytical point of view.
Dissociative
Personality Disorder
n Skeptics
believe that people or either lying, are fantasy-prone, or have had this
disorder suggested to them by therapists.
n It
only seems to occur in places, like here, where people know about it through
books like the Sybil and the Three Faces of Eve.
Dissociative
Amnesia
n Selective
memory loss of a specific traumatic event.
The amnesia vanishes are abruptly as it begins and rarely reoccurs.
Dissociative
Fugue
n This
type of dissociation the person just leaves their home and starts on new life,
with no memory of their past life. The
memory my reoccur and the person may return home, only to leave again.
Personality
Disorders
n Personality
consists of enduring traits or characteristics…so personality disorders are
persistent traits or characteristics that are atypical, disturbing, maladaptive
and unjustified.
n Prognosis
for treatment for many is not very good.
Personality
Disorders
n Antisocial:
most common, person has no conscience. Lacks a sense of wrongdoing, even toward
friends or family members.
n Usually
a man thing.
n Usually
emerges before 15
n Person
may be aggressive and/or ruthless. Deceiving or conning others or be aggressive
sexually with no remorse. Psycopaths, serial killers, sociopaths.
Personality
Disorders
n Histrionic:
displays shallow, attention-getting behaviors, feeling uncomfortable when not
the center of attention.
n Acting
in an aggressive, sexual way that makes others uncomfortable.
n Rapid
shifting of emotions. Dressing provocatively to gain attention, speaks in
dramatic tones.
Personality
Disorders
n Narcissistic:
Preoccupied with themselves and an exaggerated sense of their own importance.
Personality
Disorders
n Borderline:
unstable sense of self; rapidly changing affect; will be clingy one minute and
then hostile the next; try to pull people close and then do things to drive
them away; very manipulative to gain
attention; unstable relationships; Very poor prognosis for recovery, so
therapists won’t even treat them.
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